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Hayes Administration

Hayes Administration

Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877 – 1881).

Early political career

He was born in Delaware, Ohio, October 4, 1822 to Rutherford Hayes and Sophia Birchard. Hayes' father died before Hayes was born and an uncle, Sardis Birchard, lived with the family and served as Hayes' guardian. Hayes attended the common schools and the Methodist Academy in Norwalk, Ohio]. He graduated from Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, in August 1842 and from the Harvard Law School in January 1845. He was admitted to the bar on May 10, 1845, and commenced practice in Lower Sandusky, Ohio (now Fremont, Ohio). He moved to Cincinnati in 1849 and resumed the practice of law. He was city solicitor from 1857 to 1859. He was commissioned a major of the Twenty-third Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, on June 27, 1861, lieutenant colonel, on October 24, 1861, colonel on October 24, 1862, brigadier general of Volunteers on October 9, 1864, and brevetted major general of Volunteers on March 3, 1865. Hayes saw combat and was severely wounded at the Battle of South Mountain commanding the 23rd Ohio Infantry at Fox Gap. A musket ball struck him in the left arm above the elbow. The ball fractured but did not splinter the bone, which would have necessitated amputation of the limb. He was rather close to his sister as can be seen in this diary entry: July, 1856.--My dear only sister, my beloved Fanny, is dead! The dearest friend of childhood, the affectionate adviser, the confidante of all my life, the one I loved best, is gone; alas! never again to be seen on earth. He was a Representative from Ohio prior to his Presidency. Hayes was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses and served from March 4, 1865, to July 20, 1867, when he resigned, having been nominated for Governor of Ohio. He was Governor from 1868 to 1872, and an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Forty-third Congress. He was again elected Governor and served from January 1876 to March 2, 1877, when he resigned, having been elected President of the United States. Since March 4, 1877 was a Sunday, Hayes took the oath of office in the Red Room of the White House on March 3. He took the oath again publicly on March 5 on the East Portico of the United States Capitol, and he served until March 3, 1881.

Presidency

1881 Hayes became president after the tumultuous, scandal-ridden years of the Grant administration. He had a reputation for honesty dating back to his Civil War years, when as a major general he had refused to campaign for Congress, saying that any officer who left his command to run for office "ought to be scalped." As Governor of Ohio, his scrupulousness sometimes dismayed even his political allies, and Hayes was nicknamed "Old Granny." Nevertheless, his opponent in the presidential election, Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, was the favorite to win the presidential election and, in fact, won the popular vote by about 250,000 votes (with about 8.5 million voters in total).

Election of 1876

Four states' electoral college votes were contested. In order to win, the candidates had to muster 185 votes: Tilden was short just one, with 184 votes, Hayes had 165, with 20 votes representing four states which were contested. To make matters worse, three of these states (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina) were in the South, which was still under military occupation, the fourth being Oregon. After months of deliberation and bargaining, Southern Democrats were assured that if Hayes were elected, he would pull federal troops out of the South and end Reconstruction. An agreement was made between them and the Republicans -- if Hayes' cabinet consisted of at least one Southerner and he withdrew all Union troops from the South, then he would become president. This is sometimes considered to be a second Corrupt Bargain.

South America

In 1878 Hayes was asked by the Argentines to act as arbitrator following the War of the Triple Alliance between Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay. The Argentines hoped that Hayes would give the Chaco region to them, however he decided in favour of the Paraguayans. His decision made him a hero in Paraguay, and a city (Villa Hayes) and a department (Presidente Hayes) was named in his honour.

Notable legislation

During his presidency, Hayes signed a number of bills including one signed on February 15, 1879 which, for the first time, allowed female attorneys to argue cases before the Supreme Court of the United States.

Cabinet


Supreme Court appointments

Hayes appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
- John Marshall Harlan - 1877
- William Burnham Woods - 1881

Significant events during his presidency


- Compromise of 1877 (1877)
- Desert Land Act (1877)
- Munn v. Illinois (1877)
- Great Railroad Strike (1877)
- Bland-Allison Act (1878)
- Timber and Stone Act (1878)

Post-Presidency

Hayes did not seek re-election in 1880, keeping his pledge that he would not run for a second term. He had, in his inaugural address, proposed a one-term limit for the presidency combined with an increase in the term length to six years. Rutherford Birchard Hayes died of complications of a heart attack in Fremont, Sandusky County, Ohio, at 11:00 p.m. on Tuesday January 17, 1893. Interment was in Oakwood Cemetery. Following the gift of his home to the State of Ohio for the Spiegel Grove State Park he was reinterred there in 1915.

Trivia


- Hayes was the first U.S. President to visit the west coast.
- Hayes is also reputed to be the first President to have had his voice recorded, by Thomas Edison in 1877 with his newly-invented phonograph. Unfortunately, the tin it was recorded on has been lost to history. As the recording cannot been located, some say that it never existed, and therefore the first President to have his voice recorded was Benjamin Harrison in the 1890s. However, it is a hotly debated subject.

See also


- U.S. presidential election, 1876
- History of the United States (1865-1918)
- Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center

External links


- [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/hayes.htm Inaugural Address]
- [http://www.rbhayes.org The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center] Fremont, Ohio
- [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/rh19.html White House Biography]
- http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/hayes/chapterxii.html
-
Hayes, Rutherford B. Hayes, Rutherford B. Hayes, Rutherford B. Hayes, Rutherford B. Hayes, Rutherford B. Hayes, Rutherford B. Hayes, Rutherford B. Hayes, Rutherford B. Hayes, Rutherford B. Hayes, Rutherford B. Hayes, Rutherford B. Hayes, Rutherford B. ko:러더퍼드 B. 헤이스 ja:ラザフォード・B・ヘイズ

October 4

October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in Leap years). There are 88 days remaining.

Events


- 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor.
- 1537 - The first complete English-language Bible (the Matthew Bible) is printed, with translations by William Tyndale and Miles Coverdale.
- 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian Calendar. In Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain October 4 of this year is followed directly by October 15.
- 1777 - Battle of Germantown: Troops under George Washington are repelled by British troops under Sir William Howe
- 1824 - Mexico adopts a new constitution and becomes a federal republic.
- 1830 - Creation of the state of Belgium after separation from The Netherlands
- 1883 - First run of the Orient Express.
- 1883 - First meeting of the Boys' Brigade in Glasgow, Scotland.
- 1895 - The first U.S. Open Men's Golf Championship run by the United States Golf Association was played on a nine-hole course in Newport, Rhode Island.
- 1931 - Debut appearance of the Dick Tracy comic strip, created by cartoonist Chester Gould.
- 1957 - Launch of Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth.
- 1958 - Fifth Republic of France established.
- 1960 - An Eastern Airlines Lockheed L-188 Electra flying from Boston crashes, killing 62 people after a bird strike.
- 1966 - Basutoland becomes independent from the United Kingdom and is renamed Lesotho.
- 1983 - Hooters restaurant first opened in Clearwater, Florida, United States.
- 1983 - Richard Noble sets a new land speed record of 633.468 mph, driving Thrust 2 at the Black Rock Desert, Nevada, United States.
- 1988 - U.S. televangelist Jim Bakker indicted for fraud.
- 1991 - The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was opened for signature.
- 1992 - An El Al Boeing 747-200F crashes into two apartment buildings in Amsterdam, killing 43 including 38 on the ground. See Bijlmerramp
- 1993 - Doom press-release version is made available to journalists for review.
- 1993 - Russian constitutional crisis of 1993: Russian President Boris Yeltsin orders tanks to storm the Russian parliament building.
- 1998 - Leafie Mason of Hughes Springs, Texas, is murdered by Ángel Maturino Reséndiz. She is the serial killer's second victim in his second incident.
- 1999 - The Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign goes dark as its new owner doesn't pay the power bill.
- 2001 - A Sibir Airlines Tupolev TU-154 crashes into the Black Sea after being struck by an errant Ukrainian S-200 missile. 78 people are killed.
- 2002 - Opie and Anthony have their show cancelled from WNEW.
- 2003 - Maxim restaurant suicide bombing in Haifa, Israel: 21 Israelis, Jews and Arabs, were killed, and 51 others were wounded.
- 2004 - SpaceShipOne wins Ansari X Prize for private spaceflight.
- 2005 - Americans John L. Hall and Roy J. Glauber and German Theodor W. Haensch win the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Births


- 1160 - Alys, Countess of the Vexin, daughter of Louis VII of France
- 1289 - King Louis X of France (d. 1316)
- 1379 - King Henry III of Castile (d. 1406)
- 1515 - Lucas Cranach the Younger, German painter (d. 1586)
- 1542 - Robert Bellarmine, Italian saint (d. 1621)
- 1550 - King Charles IX of Sweden (d. 1611)
- 1562 - Christian Sørensen Longomontanus, Danish astronomer (d. 1647)
- 1570 - Peter Pazmany, Hungarian cardinal and statesman (d. 1637)
- 1625 - Jacqueline Pascal, French child prodigy and sister of Blaise Pascal (d. 1661)
- 1626 - Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland (d. 1712)
- 1720 - Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Italian artist (d. 1778)
- 1723 - Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus, German entomologist (d. 1798)
- 1814 - Jean-François Millet, French painter (d. 1875)
- 1822 - Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States (d. 1893)
- 1841 - Prudente José de Morais Barros, President of Brazil (d. 1912)
- 1858 - Michael Pupin, Serbian-born telephone pioneer and author (d. 1935)
- 1861 - Frederic Remington, American painter (d. 1909)
- 1862 - Edward Stratemeyer, American author (d. 1930)
- 1877 - Razor Smith, English cricketer (d. 1946)
- 1880 - Damon Runyon, American writer (d. 1946)
- 1881 - Walther von Brauchitsch, German Commander-in-Chief (d. 1948)
- 1886 - Luis Alberni, Spanish character actor (d. 1962)
- 1888 - Oscar Mathisen, Norwegian speed skater (d. 1954)
- 1892 - Engelbert Dollfuss, Austrian politician (d. 1934)
- 1895 - Buster Keaton, American comedian, actor (d. 1966)
- 1903 - John Vincent Atanasoff, American computer pioneer (d. 1995)
- 1903 - Ernst Kaltenbrunner, German military officer (d. 1946)
- 1910 - Frankie Crosetti, American baseball player (d. 2002)
- 1914 - Jim Cairns, Australian politician (d. 2003)
- 1916 - Vitaly Ginzburg, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1918 - Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
- 1922 - Malcolm Baldrige, 26th United States Secretary of Commerce (d. 1987)
- 1924 - Charlton Heston, American actor
- 1928 - Alvin Toffler, American author
- 1934 - Sam Huff, American football player
- 1937 - Jackie Collins, British author
- 1938 - Kurt Wüthrich, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1940 - Silvio Marzolini, Argentine footballer
- 1941 - Anne Rice, American writer
- 1942 - Karl W. Richter, American aviator
- 1943 - H. Rap Brown, American civil rights activist
- 1944 - Tony La Russa, American baseball manager
- 1945 - Clifton Davis, American actor
- 1946 - Susan Sarandon, American actress
- 1947 - Ann Widdecombe, British politician
- 1949 - Armand Assante, American actor
- 1953 - Tchéky Karyo, Turkish-born actor
- 1959 - Chris Lowe, British singer (Pet Shop Boys)
- 1959 - Tony Meo, English snooker player
- 1960 - Afrika Bambaataa, American musician
- 1961 - Jon Secada, Cuban-born singer
- 1961 - Kazuki Takahashi, Japanese author and artist
- 1963 - A.C. Green, American basketball player
- 1967 - Marcus Bentley, British voice actor
- 1967 - Liev Schreiber, American actor
- 1976 - Alicia Silverstone, American actress
- 1976 - Mauro Camoranesi, Argentine-Italian footballer
- 1979 - Rachael Leigh Cook, American actress
- 1980 - Me'Lisa Barber, American athlete
- 1980 - Sarah Fisher, American race car driver
- 1984 - Elena Katina, Russian musician (t.A.T.u.)

Deaths


- 1052 - Prince Vladimir of Novgorod (b. 1020)
- 1221 - William III Talvas, Count of Ponthieu (b. 1179)
- 1226 - Saint Francis of Assisi (b. 1181)
- 1250 - Herman VI, Margrave of Baden
- 1305 - Emperor Kameyama of Japan (b. 1249)
- 1582 - Teresa of Avila, Spanish saint and poet (b. 1515)
- 1597 - Sarsa Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1550)
- 1646 - Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, English statesman (b. 1586)
- 1660 - Francesco Albani, Italian painter (b. 1578)
- 1669 - Rembrandt, Dutch painter (b. 1606)
- 1680 - Pierre-Paul Riquet, French engineer and canal builder
- 1743 - John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, Scottish soldier (b. 1678)
- 1749 - Franz Freiherr von der Trenck, Austrian soldier (b. 1711)
- 1754 - Tanacharison, Catawba Indian chief
- 1785 - David Brearly, delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention (b. 1703)
- 1821 - John Rennie, Scottish engineer (b. 1761)
- 1851 - Manuel de Godoy, Spanish statesman (b. 1767)
- 1859 - Karl Baedeker, German author and publisher (b. 1801)
- 1880 - Jacques Offenbach, German-born composer (b. 1819)
- 1903 - Otto Weininger, Austrian philosopher (b. 1880)
- 1904 - Frédéric Bartholdi, French sculptor (b. 1834)
- 1935 - Jean Béraud, French painter (b. 1849)
- 1944 - Al Smith, Presidential candidate and Governor of New York (b. 1873)
- 1946 - Barney Oldfield, American automobile pioneer (b. 1878)
- 1947 - Max Planck, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1858)
- 1951 - Willie Moretti, American gangster (b. 1894)
- 1969 - Natalino Otto, Italian singer (b. 1912)
- 1970 - Janis Joplin, American singer (b. 1943)
- 1982 - Glenn Gould, Canadian pianist (b. 1932)
- 1989 - Graham Chapman, British comedian (b. 1941)
- 1989 - Secretariat, American race horse (b. 1970)
- 1997 - Gunpei Yokoi, Japanese game developer (b. 1941)
- 2000 - Michael Smith, English-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1932)
- 2002 - Alphonse Chapanis, founder of ergonomics
- 2003 - Sid McMath, Governor of Arkansas (b. 1912)
- 2004 - Gordon Cooper, astronaut (b. 1927)
- 2005 - Stanley K. Hathaway, U.S. politician (b. 1924)

Holidays


- Roman festivals - Ieiunium Cereris (Fast of Ceres) (since 191 BC; that calendar date fell in late spring at that time).
- RC Saints - Feast day of Saint Francis of Assisi; also of Saint Amun, Saint Petronius of Bologna.
- Also see October 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Islam - tonight in 2005 Ramadan begins in some parts of the world.
- Australia - Labour Day of 2005 (ACT, NSW, & SA, 2004: first Monday of October).
- Lesotho - Independence Day (from Britain, 1966).
- World Animal Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/4 BBC: On This Day] ---- October 3 - October 5 - September 4 - November 4 – more historical anniversaries ko:10월 4일 ms:4 Oktober ja:10月4日 simple:October 4 th:4 ตุลาคม

1822

1822 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar).

Events


- February 9 - Haiti invades the Dominican Republic.
- March 30 - Florida becomes a United States territory. (See History of Florida.)
- May 24 - Battle of Pichincha: Simón Bolívar secures the independence of Quito.
- June 14 - Charles Babbage proposes a Difference engine
- July 8 - Chippewas turn over huge tract of land in Ontario to the United Kingdom. (See Treaty Timeline - Individual Treaties with maps at [http://www.manitobachiefs.com/treaty/timeline.html#sectindividual].)
- July 13 - Greek War of Independence: Greeks defeat Ottoman forces at Thermopylae.
- July 27 - Simon Bolivar and general José de San Martín meets in Guayaquil. Bolivar later annexes Guayaquil
- July 28 - Independence Day in Peru (see History of Peru)
- July 31 - Last public whipping in Edinburgh
- August 12 - St David's College (now the University of Wales, Lampeter) founded by Bishop Thomas Burgess
- September 7 - Brazil declares its independence from Portugal (see Brazilian independence)
- September 16 - George Canning appointed British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
- October 12 - Peter I of Brazil declared constitutional emperor of the Brazilian Empire
- October-December - Congress of Verona at which Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain
- November 13 - Greek War of Independence: Nafplion falls to the Greek rebels
- December 1 - Peter I is crowned as Emperor of Brazil (see The reign of Pedro I, 1822-31.)
- Hieroglyphs deciphered by Thomas Young and Jean-François Champollion using the Rosetta Stone.
- Galileo Galilei's Dialogue taken off the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the Roman Catholic Church's list of banned books.
- Ashley's Hundred leave from St. Louis setting off a major increase in fur trade.
- An earthquake in Chile raises the coastal area
- Coffee ban in Sweden abolished
- Britain repeals death penalty for over 100 crimes. (See Capital punishment in the United Kingdom).
- First group of freed slaves from USA arrive to modern-day Liberia and founded Monrovia. (See History of Liberia.)
- Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach discovered that any triangle's nine-point circle is externally tangent to that triangle's three excircles and internally tangent to its incircle.

Births


- January 2 - Rudolf Clausius, German physicist (d. 1888)
- January 6 - Heinrich Schliemann, German archaeologist (d. 1890)
- January 28 - Alexander Mackenzie, second Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1892)
- February 16 - Sir Francis Galton, English explorer and biologist (d. 1911)
- April 3 - Edward Everett Hale, American writer, (d. 1909)
- April 27 - Ulysses S. Grant, 18th President of the United States (d. 1885)
- May 20 - Frédéric Passy, French economist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1912)
- May 26 - Edmond de Goncourt, French writer (d. 1896)
- June 10 - John Jacob Astor III, American businessman (d. 1890)
- July 18 - Princess Augusta of Cambridge (d. 1916)
- July 22 - Gregor Mendel, Austrian geneticist (d. 1884)
- October 4 - Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States (d. 1893)
- December 10 - César Franck, Belgian composer and organist (d. 1890)
- December 24 - Matthew Arnold, English poet (d. 1888)
- December 27 - Louis Pasteur, French microbiologist and chemist (d. 1895)

Deaths


- January 15 - John Aikin, English physician and writer (b. 1747)
- January 24 - Ali Pasha, Albanian ruler (b. 1741)
- June 25 - E.T.A. Hoffman, German writer, composer, and painter (b. 1776)
- July 8 - Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet (b. 1792)
- August 12 - Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, British foreign secretary (suicide) (b. 1769)
- August 25 - William Herschel, German-born astronomer (b. 1738) Category:1822 ko:1822년 ms:1822 simple:1822

January 17

January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 348 days remaining (349 in leap years).

Events


- 1562 - France recognized the Huguenots under the Edict of Saint-Germain.
- 1648 - England's Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Address, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.
- 1746 - Charles Edward Stuart, "Bonnie Prince Charlie", defeats a Hanoverian army at Falkirk in his ultimately unsuccessful campaign to recover the throne for the Jacobite dynasty.
- 1771 - Johann Friedrich Struensee and Queen Caroline Matilda are arrested, leading to his execution and her banishment from Denmark
- 1773 - Captain James Cook becomes the first explorer to cross the Antarctic Circle.
- 1781 - Continental troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan defeat British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina.
- 1819 - Simón Bolívar proclaims the Republic of Colombia.
- 1852 - United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Boer colonies of the Transvaal.
- 1873 - First Battle of the Stronghold in the US Modoc War.
- 1885 - A British force defeats a large Dervish army at the Battle of Abu Klea in the Sudan.
- 1893 - American planters led by the Citizen's Committee of Public Safety overthrow the government of Queen Liliuokalani of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
- 1899 - The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean.
- 1912 - Robert Falcon Scott reaches the South Pole, one month after Roald Amundsen.
- 1916 - The Professional Golfers Association (PGA) is formed.
- 1917 - The United States pays Denmark $25 million for the Virgin Islands.
- 1929 - Popeye the Sailor Man, a cartoon character created by Elzie Crisler Segar, first appeared in a newspaper comic strip.
- 1941 - Kuomintang forces under the order of Chiang Kai-Shek opened fire at communist force, Chinese Civil War resumes after WWII.(This event is known as 皖南事变).
- 1945 - Soviet forces capture the almost completely destroyed Polish city of Warsaw. The Liberate of Warsaw.
- 1945 - The Nazis begin the evacuation of the Auschwitz concentration camp as Soviet forces close in.
- 1945 - Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg disappears in Hungary while in Soviet custody.
- 1946 - The UN Security Council holds its first session.
- 1949 - The Goldbergs, the first sitcom on American television, airs.
- 1950 - The Great Brinks Robbery - 11 thieves steal more than $2 million from an armored car in Boston, Massachusetts.
- 1966 - Simon and Garfunkel release their second album, Sounds of Silence, on Columbia Records.
- 1966 - A B-52 bomber collides with a KC-135 jet tanker over Spain, dropping three 70-kiloton hydrogen bombs near the town of Palomares and another one into the sea.
- 1966 - Carl Brashear, the first African American United States Navy diver, is involved in an accident on a routine mission which amputates his leg.
- 1973 - Ferdinand Marcos becomes "President for Life" of the Philippines.
- 1974 - Joni Mitchell releases Court and Spark, arguably her most mainstream album.
- 1975 - Bob Dylan releases Blood on the Tracks, often considered one of his best albums.
- 1977 - Convicted murderer Gary Gilmore is executed by a firing squad in Utah, ending a ten-year moratorium on the death penalty in the United States.
- 1982 - "Cold Sunday" in the United States sees temperatures fall to their lowest levels in over 100 years in numerous cities.
- 1985 - British Telecom announces the retirement of Britain's famous red telephone boxes.
- 1991 - Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm began early in the morning. Iraq fires 8 Scud missiles into Israel in an unsuccessful bid to provoke Israeli retaliation.
- 1991 - Harald V becomes King of Norway on the death of his father, Olav V.
- 1992 - Punk rock band Green Day releases their second full-length album, Kerplunk.
- 1994 - A magnitude 6.7 earthquake occurs in Northridge, California; see 1994 Northridge Earthquake.
- 1995 - A magnitude 7.3 earthquake called "the Great Hanshin earthquake" occurs near Kobe, Japan, causing extensive property damage and killing 6,433 people.
- 1996 - The Czech Republic applies for membership of the European Union.
- 1998 - Paula Jones accuses President Bill Clinton of sexual harassment.
- 2002 - Mount Nyiragongo erupts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, displacing an estimated 400,000 people.

Births


- 1463 - Friedrich III, Elector of Saxony (d. 1525)
- 1484 - George Spalatin, German reformer (d. 1545)
- 1501 - Leonhart Fuchs, German physician and botanist (d. 1566)
- 1504 - Pope Pius V (d. 1572)
- 1560 - Gaspard Bauhin, Swiss botanist (d. 1624)
- 1600 - Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish playwright (d. 1681)
- 1612 - Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English Civil War general (d. 1671)
- 1686 - Archibald Bower, Scottish historian (d. 1766)
- 1706 - Benjamin Franklin American writer, inventor, publisher, and ambassador (d. 1790)
- 1712 - John Stanley, English composer (d. 1786)
- 1719 - William Vernon, American merchant (d. 1806)
- 1761 - James Hall, Scottish geologist (d. 1832)
- 1763 - John Jacob Astor, American entrepreneur (d. 1848)
- 1789 - August Neander, German theologian (d. 1850)
- 1811 - Joshua A. Norton, "Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico" (d. 1880)
- 1820 - Anne Brontë, British author (d. 1849)
- 1832 - Henry Martyn Baird, American historian and educationalist (d. 1906)
- 1851 - A. B. Frost, American illustrator (d. 1928)
- 1860 - Douglas Hyde, President of Ireland
- 1863 - David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1945)
- 1867 - Carl Laemmle, German-born film executive (d. 1939)
- 1871 - David Earl Beatty British admiral (d. 1936)
- 1871 - Nicolae Iorga, Romanian writer (d. 1940)
- 1880 - Mack Sennett, Canadian film director and producer (d. 1960)
- 1881 - Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (d. 1941)
- 1882 - Noah Beery, American actor (d. 1946)
- 1899 - Al Capone, American gangster (d. 1947)
- 1899 - Nevil Shute, English author (d. 1960)
- 1905 - Guillermo Stábile, Argentine footballer (d. 1966)
- 1911 - George Joseph Stigler, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
- 1914 - William Stafford, American poet and essayist (d. 1993)
- 1921 - Antonio Prohias, Cuban cartoonist (d. 1998)
- 1922 - Luis Echeverría Álvarez, President of Mexico
- 1922 - Nicholas Katzenbach, American politician
- 1922 - Betty White, American actress
- 1925 - Robert Cormier, American author (d. 2000)
- 1925 - Abdul Kardar, Pakistani cricketer
- 1926 - Newton N. Minow, American telecommunications lawyer and statesman
- 1926 - Moira Shearer, Scottish actress and dancer
- 1927 - Eartha Kitt, American actress and singer
- 1928 - Jean Barraqué, French composer (d. 1973)
- 1928 - Vidal Sassoon, English cosmetologist
- 1929 - Jacques Plante, Canadian hockey player (d. 1986)
- 1931 - James Earl Jones, American actor
- 1931 - Douglas Wilder, Governor of Virginia
- 1931 - Don Zimmer, baseball coach
- 1933 - Dalida, French singer (d. 1987)
- 1933 - Ray Dolby, American inventor
- 1933 - Sadruddhin Aga Khan, French UN High Commissioner for Refugees (d. 2003)
- 1933 - Shari Lewis, American puppeteer (d. 1998)
- 1933 - Sheree North, American actress
- 1935 - Ruth Ann Minner, Governor of Delaware
- 1937 - Troy Donahue, American actor
- 1939 - Maury Povich, American talk show host
- 1940 - Kipchoge Keino, Kenyan runner
- 1942 - Muhammad Ali, American boxer
- 1942 - Cus D'Amato, boxing manager (d. 1985)
- 1942 - Ulf Hoelscher, German violinist
- 1942 - Nancy Parsons, American actress (d. 2001)
- 1943 - René Préval, President of Haiti
- 1944 - Françoise Hardy, French singer
- 1948 - Davíð Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland
- 1948 - Mick Taylor, British musician (The Rolling Stones)
- 1949 - Andy Kaufman, American comedian (d. 1984)
- 1952 - Darrell Porter, American baseball player (d. 2002)
- 1955 - Steve Earle, American musician
- 1956 - Paul Young, English musician
- 1959 - Susanna Hoffs, American musician (The Bangles)
- 1959 - Momoe Yamaguchi, Japanese singer and actress
- 1962 - Jim Carrey, American actor and comedian
- 1966 - Shabba Ranks, Jamaican singer
- 1968 - Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer, Dutch writer
- 1969 - Lukas Moodysson, Swedish film director
- 1970 - Jeremy Roenick, American hockey player
- 1970 - Genndy Tartakovsky, Russian-born animator
- 1970 - James Wattana, Thai snooker player
- 1971 - Kid Rock, American singer
- 1972 - Ken Hirai, Japanese singer and songwriter
- 1980 - Zooey Deschanel, American actress
- 1981 - Scott Mechlowicz, American actor
- 1982 - Jodie Sweetin, American actress
- 1982 - Alex Varkatzas, American singer (Atreyu)
- 1982 - Dwyane Wade, American basketball player
- 1986 - Chloe Rose Lattanzi, American actress and singer
- 1988 - Nikki Reed, American actress

Deaths


- 395 - Theodosius I, Roman Emperor
- 1229 - Albert of Buxhoeveden, German soldier
- 1369 - King Peter I of Cyprus (murdered) (b. 1328)
- 1468 - Skanderbeg, Albanian leader (b. 1405)
- 1617 - Faust Vrancic, Croatian inventor (b. 1551)
- 1654 - Paulus Potter, Dutch painter (b. 1625)
- 1705 - John Ray, English naturalist (b. 1627)
- 1718 - Captain Benjamin Church, Plymouth Colony settler
- 1737 - Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann, German architect (b. 1662)
- 1751 - Tomaso Albinoni, Italian composer (b. 1671)
- 1826 - Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga, Spanish composer (b. 1806)
- 1861 - Lola Montez, Irish-born adventurer (b. 1821)
- 1884 - Hermann Schlegel, German ornithologist (b. 1804)
- 1886 - Amilcare Ponchielli, Italian composer (b. 1834)
- 1893 - Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States (b. 1822)
- 1961 - Patrice Lumumba, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1925)
- 1964 - T.H. White, English author (b. 1906)
- 1967 - Evelyn Nesbit, American actress (b. 1884)
- 1972 - Betty Smith, American writer and singer (b. 1896)
- 1977 - Gary Gilmore, American murderer (executed) (b. 1940)
- 1983 - Doodles Weaver, American actor (b. 1911)
- 1991 - King Olav V of Norway (b. 1903)
- 1993 - Albert Hourani, English historian (b. 1915)
- 1994 - Helen Stephens, American runner (b. 1918)
- 1996 - Barbara Jordan, American politician (b. 1936)
- 1997 - Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (b. 1906)
- 2001 - Gregory Corso, American poet (b. 1930)
- 2001 - Laurent-Desire Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1939)
- 2002 - Camilo Jose Cela, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1916)
- 2003 - Richard Crenna, American actor (b. 1926)
- 2004 - Czeslaw Niemen, Polish musician (b. 1939)
- 2004 - Ray Stark, publicist, actor's agent, and producer (b. 1915)
- 2004 - Noble Willingham, American actor (b. 1931)
- 2005 - Charlie Bell, American fast food executive (b. 1960)
- 2005 - Virginia Mayo, American actress (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Albert Schatz, American microbiologist (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Zhao Ziyang, Premier of the People's Republic of China (b. 1917)

Holidays and observances


- Ancient Latvia - Zirgu Diena observed
- Catholicism - Feast day of St. Anthony.
- 2005 - USA - Martin Luther King Jr. Day.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/17 BBC: On This Day] ---- January 16 - January 18 - December 17 - February 17 — listing of all days ko:1월 17일 ms:17 Januari ja:1月17日 simple:January 17 th:17 มกราคม

1893

1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 1 - Japan accepts the Gregorian calendar
- January 2 - Introduction by Webb C. Ball of the General Railroad Timepiece Standards in North America: Railroad chronometers
- January 13 - The Independent Labour Party of the UK has its first meeting.
- January 17 - Intervention by the U.S. Marines in Hawaii, resulting in overthrow of government of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii
- January 21 - First "performance" of the Cherry sisters in Marion, Iowa. Their neighbors are uncritical and the sisters decide to launch a tour
- February 1 - Thomas A. Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio (West Orange, New Jersey).
- February 21 - Thomas Edison receives two U.S. patents. The first is for a "Cut Out for Incandescent Electric Lamps" and another for a "Stop Device" (No. 491,992-3). Also No. 492,150 for "Process of Coating Conductors for Incandescent Lamps."
- February 23 - Rudolf Diesel receives a patent for the diesel engine
- March 4 - End of term for President of the United States Benjamin Harrison. He is succeeded by Stephen Grover Cleveland.
- March 10 - Côte d'Ivoire becomes a French colony
- March 20 - In Belgium, Adam Worth is sentenced for seven year for robbery (he is released 1897)
- April 8 - First recorded college basketball game occurs in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania between the Geneva College Covenanters and the New Brighton YMCA.
- May 1 - The 1893 World's Fair, also known as the World's Columbian Exposition, opens to the public in Chicago, Illinois, USA. The first United States commemorative postage stamps were issued for the Exposition.
- May 5 - Panic of 1893: Crash on the New York Stock Exchange starts a depression.
- May 9 - First public demonstration of Edison's 1 1/2" system of Kinetoscope at the Brooklyn Institute.
- June 6 - Marriage of Prince George, Duke of York and Mary of Teck.
- June 7 Gandhi's first act of civil disobedience.
- June 22 - Flagship Victoria of the British Mediterranean Fleet collides with Camperdown and sinks in 10 minutes - vice-admiral Sir George Tryon goes down with it
- July 6 - The small town of Pomeroy, Iowa was nearly destroyed by a tornado. Seventy-one people were killed and two hundred were injured.
- July 11 - Kokichi Mikimoto develops the method to achieve cultured pearls.
- July 12 - Frederick Jackson Turner gives his famous lecture entitled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" before the American Historical Association in Chicago
- June 20 - Lizzie Borden acquitted of murder of her father and stepmother
- June 22 – Flagship HMS Victoria of the British Mediterranean Fleet collides with HMS Camperdown and sinks in 10 minutes - vice-admiral Sir George Tryon goes down with it
- August 27 - The Sea Islands Hurricane hits Savannah, Charleston and the Sea Islands; 1000-2000 dead.
- September 11 - Opening meeting of the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago.
- September 19 - Russian ironclad Rusalka disappears in a storm en route from Tallinn to Helsinki (hulk found July 2003 off Helsinki)
- September 27 - Closing meeting of the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago.
- October 10 - First car number plates in Paris, France
- October 30 - The 1893 World's Fair, also known as the World Columbian Exposition, closes.
- November 7 - Colorado women are granted the right to vote.

Exact month/day of event unknown


- New Zealand becomes first country in the world to grant women the vote.
- American Council on Alcohol Problems established.
- Global financial panic (Panic of 1893)
- Physicist Wilhelm Wien composes Wien's Law
- France conquers Vietnam.
- General strike in Belgium
- American Temperance University opened.
- Milbank Penitentiary in Britain demolished
- US President Cleveland operated on in secret
- The Wengernalpbahn in Wengen, Switzerland (Canton of Bern) is opened.
- Athletic Club Královské Vinohrady is founded. Later the team was renamed to Sparta Prague
- Anti-Saloon League established in U.S. to promote temperance movement
- Committee of Fifty for the Study of the Liquor Problem established.

Births


- January 5 - Paramahansa Yogananda, Indian guru (d. 1952)
- January 12 - Hermann Göring, Nazi official (d. 1946)
- January 12 - Alfred Rosenberg, Nazi official (d. 1946)
- January 15 - Ivor Novello, Welsh actor and musician (d. 1951)
- January 22 - Conrad Veidt, German actor (d. 1943)
- February 3 - Gaston Julia, French mathematician (d. 1978)
- February 10 - Jimmy Durante, American actor, singer, and comedian (d. 1980)
- February 12 - Omar Bradley, American general (d. 1981)
- February 16 - Katharine Cornell, American actress (d. 1974)
- February 21 - Andrés Segovia, Spanish guitarist (d. 1987)
- March 1 - Mercedes de Acosta, American poet, playwright, costume designer, and socialite (d. 1968)
- March 3 - Beatrice Wood, American artist and ceramicist (d. 1998)
- March 18 - Wilfred Owen, English soldier and poet (d. 1918)
- April 3 - Leslie Howard, English actor (d. 1943)
- April 9 - Victor Gollancz, British publisher (d. 1967)
- April 12 - Robert Harron, American actor (d. 1920)
- April 23 - Allen Dulles, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 1969)
- April 29 - Harold C. Urey, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981)
- May 3 - Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Georgian writer and public benefactor (d. 1975)
- May 23 - Ulysses S. Grant IV, American geologist and paleontologist (d. 1977)
- June 24 - Roy Oliver Disney, brother and business partner of Walter Elias Disney (d. 1971)
- July 25 - Dorothy Dickson, American-born actress and socialite (d. 1995)
- June 26 - Big Bill Broonzy, American blues singer and composer (d. 1958)
- July 3 - Mississippi John Hurt, American musician (d. 1966)
- July 9 - George Geary, English cricketer (d. 1981)
- August 6 - Wright Patman, American politician (d. 1976)
- August 15 - Leslie Comrie, New Zealand astronomer and computing pioneer (d. 1950)
- August 22 - Dorothy Parker, American writer (d. 1967)
- August 30 - Huey Long, Louisiana governor and senator (d. 1935)
- September 13 - Larry Shields, American musician (d. 1953)
- September 16 - Albert Szent-Györgyi, Hungarian physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- October 1 - Marianne Brandt, German industrial designer (d. 1983)
- October 9 - Mário de Andrade, Brazilian writer and photographer (d. 1945)
- October 14 - Lillian Gish, American actress (d. 1993)
- October 15 - King Carol II of Romania (d. 1953)
- October 18 - Georges Ohsawa, Japanese founder of Macrobiotics (d. 1966)
- November 3 - Edward Adelbert Doisy, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1986)
- November 8 - Clarence Williams, American jazz musician (d. 1965)
- December 24 - Ruth Chatterton, American actress (d. 1961)
- December 26 - Mao Zedong, Chinese leader (d. 1976)

Exact month/day of birth unknown


- Clement Martyn Doke, South African linguist (d. 1980)
- Berthold Bartosch, Bohemian animator (d. 1968)

Deaths


- January 2 - John Obadiah Westwood, British entomologist
- January 7 - Jožef Stefan, Slovenian physicist, mathematician, and poet (b. 1835)
- January 17 - Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States
- January 23 - Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar, U.S. Supreme Court justice
- February 1 - George Henry Sanderson, Mayor of San Francisco
- February 20 - P.G.T. Beauregard, American Confederate general
- March 30 - Jane Sym-Mackenzie, First Lady of Canada
- June 21 - Amasa Leland Stanford, Governor of California
- June 23 - Sir Theophilus Shepstone, South African statesman (b. 1817)
- October 10 - Lip Pike, baseball player
- October 30 - Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott, Canadian politician

Marriages


- January 7 - Mary Gish & James Leigh de Guiche
- April 20 - King Ferdinand & Maria Louisa de Bourbon
- May 2 - Marie Eve & August Strindberg
- May 30 - Israël Querido & Janet Sjouwerman
- July 6 - George V & Queen Mary
- December 12 - Rupert Hughes & Agnes Wheeler Hedge Category:1893 ko:1893년 ms:1893 simple:1893 th:พ.ศ. 2436

President of the United States

The President of the United States (unofficially abbreviated "POTUS") is the head of state of the United States. Under the U.S. Constitution, the President is also the chief executive of the federal government and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The full title is President of the United States of America. Because of the superpower status of the United States, the American President is widely considered to be the most powerful person on Earth, and is usually one of the world's best-known public figures. During the Cold War, the President was sometimes referred to as "the leader of the free world," a phrase that is still invoked today. The United States was the first nation to create the office of President as the head of state in a modern republic. Today the office is widely emulated all over the world in nations with a presidential system of government. Many countries with a parliamentary system also have an office named "president", but the roles of this office vary widely, and the President in such systems usually has far more limited powers than the Prime Minister. The 43rd and current President of the United States is George W. Bush. His first term ran from January 20, 2001 to January 20, 2005; his second term began on January 20, 2005 and ends on January 20, 2009; and President Bush is constitutionally barred from a third term.

Requirements to hold office

Section One of Article II of the U.S. Constitution establishes the requirements one must meet in order to become President. The president must be a natural-born citizen of the United States (or a citizen of the United States at the time the U.S. Constitution was adopted), be at least 35 years old, and have been a resident of the United States for 14 years. The natural-born citizenship requirement has been the subject of controversy. Critics argue that this requirement arbitrarily excludes some highly qualified candidates for the Presidency. They also charge that supporters fail to appreciate the contributions made by immigrants to American society. Proponents of the requirement argue that the requirement helps to ensure that the President fully understands and is a part of the American people and their outlook. Proponents also argue that the clause helps protect the country from foreign interference—another country could send an emigrant to the United States and through subterfuge get them elected. Many prominent public officials, such as Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R-CA; born in Austria) and Governor Jennifer Granholm (D-MI; born in Canada), are barred from the presidency because they were not natural-born citizens. Constitutional amendments are occasionally proposed to remove or modify this requirement, but none have been successful.

Election

Presidential elections are held every four years. Presidents are elected indirectly, through the Electoral College. The President and the Vice President are the only two nationally elected officials in the United States. (Legislators are elected on a state-by-state basis; other executive officers and judges are appointed.)

Old system

Originally, each elector voted for two people for President. The votes were tallied and the person receiving the greatest number of votes (provided that such a number was a majority of electors) became President, while the individual who was in second place became Vice President.

Current system

The Amendment XII in 1804 changed the electoral process by directing the electors to use separate ballots to vote for the President and Vice President. To be elected, a candidate must receive a majority of electoral votes, or if no candidate receives a majority, the President and Vice President are chosen by the House of Representatives and Senate, respectively, as necessary.

Campaign

The modern Presidential election process begins with the primary elections, during which the major parties (currently the Democrats and the Republicans) each select a nominee to unite behind; the nominee in turn selects a running mate to join him on the ticket as the Vice Presidential candidate. The two major candidates then face off in the general election, usually participating in nationally televised debates before Election Day and campaigning across the country to explain their views and plans to the voters. Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning swing states, through frequent visits and mass media advertising drives.

Inauguration and oath of office

mass media Since 1933, with the ratification of Amendment XX, a newly elected President, or a re-elected incumbent, is sworn into office on January 20 of the year following the election, an event called Inauguration Day. Although the Chief Justice of the United States usually administers the presidential oath of office, the Constitution does not specify any requirements; thus, anyone with the legal authority to administer oaths can perform the duty. In accordance with Article II, Section 1, Paragraph 8 of the Constitution, upon entering office, the President must take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Of